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CRC

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common data transmission error detection technique commonly used in the data communication field. The transmit end calculates a check code for the data in a data frame based on a certain algorithm, appends the check code to the data frame, and sends the data frame to the receive end. The receive end verifies the correctness and integrity of the received data by repeating the calculation using the same algorithm.

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WiFi 7

WiFi 7 (Wi-Fi 7) is the next-generation Wi-Fi standard to be launched, also known as IEEE 802.11be — extremely high throughput (EHT). Based on Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 7 introduces technologies such as 320 MHz bandwidth, 4096-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), multiple resource unit (MRU), multi-link operation (MLO), and multi-access point (AP) coordination. Drawing on these cutting-edge technologies, Wi-Fi 7 delivers a higher data transmission rates and lower latency than Wi-Fi 6. Wi-Fi 7 is expected to support a throughput of up to 23 Gbps, about three times that of Wi-Fi 6.

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QAM

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is an advanced modulation scheme widely used in Wi-Fi communication systems. It combines phase modulation and amplitude modulation.

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SRv6

Segment Routing IPv6 (SRv6) is a next-generation IP bearer protocol that combines Segment Routing (SR) and IPv6. Utilizing existing IPv6 forwarding technology, SRv6 implements network programming through flexible IPv6 extension headers. SRv6 reduces the number of required protocol types, offers great extensibility and programmability, and meets the diversified requirements of more new services. It also provides high reliability and offers exciting cloud service application potential.

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VXLAN

VXLAN, or Virtual Extensible LAN, is a network virtualization technology widely used on large Layer 2 networks. VXLAN establishes a logical tunnel between the source and destination network devices, through which it uses MAC-in-UDP encapsulation for packets. Specifically, it encapsulates original Ethernet frames sent by a VM into UDP packets. It then encapsulates the UDP packets with the IP header and Ethernet header of the physical network as outer headers, enabling these packets to be routed across the network like common IP packets. This frees VMs on the Layer 2 network from the structural limitations of the Layer 2 and Layer 3 networks.

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IPsec

Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a suite of protocols and services that provide security for IP networks. It is a widely used virtual private network (VPN) technology. IP packets lack effective security mechanisms and may be forged, stolen, or tampered with when being transmitted on a public network, such as the Internet. To solve this problem, the communicating parties establish an IPsec tunnel for encrypted transmission of IP packets. This ensures secure transmission of IP packets on an insecure network, such as the Internet.

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Telemetry

Telemetry is a next-generation network monitoring technology used to remotely collect data from devices at high speed. Devices periodically push device information to a collector, providing real-time, high-speed, and accurate network monitoring. To be specific, telemetry organizes data based on YANG models, encodes data in the Google Protocol Buffers (GPB) format, and transmits data through the Google Remote Procedure Call (gRPC) protocol. This improves data collection efficiency and facilitates intelligent interconnection. In traditional technologies, a collector and devices interact in pull mode by alternatively sending requests and responses. In contrast to these technologies, telemetry works in push mode and has the following advantages: - Proactively pushes data, reducing the pressure on devices. - Pushes data periodically in subseconds to avoid data inaccuracy caused by network delay. - Is capable to monitor a large number of network devices, improving network monitoring efficiency.

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NAT

NAT translates the IP address in the IP datagram header of a packet into another IP address and translates the port number to make the IP address reusable. As a transition technology that alleviates public IPv4 address exhaustion, NAT is easy to implement and therefore widely used.

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NETCONF

The Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) is a network management protocol allowing a network management system (NMS) to deliver, modify, and delete configurations of network devices. Standard application programming interfaces (APIs) are available on network devices for the NMS to manage the devices using NETCONF. NETCONF uses Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data encoding for the configuration data and protocol messages, and uses a simple remote procedure call (RPC) mechanism to implement communication between a client and a server. A client can be a script or an application running on an NMS. A server is typically a network device.

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STUN

A point-to-point (P2P) network requires that two communicating parties be able to proactively access each other. However, NAT devices block the access, thereby affecting normal running of P2P applications. STUN technology is commonly used to overcome this NAT traversal problem. It allows network devices to discover post-NAT IP addresses and port numbers of communicating parties and to use this information to establish P2P data channels traversing the NAT devices for P2P communication.

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PPPoE

PPPoE is the point-to-point protocol running over the Ethernet at the link layer. It provides PPPoE connections on the Ethernet, sets up PPP sessions, and encapsulates PPP frames into PPPoE frames. PPPoE connects users to a remote access device, providing cost-effective user access and excellent user access control. PPPoE supports remote access to multiple user hosts over an Ethernet and provides accounting data for transmission to resolve application issues, such as Internet access charging issues. PPPoE is therefore widely used for carrier network access.

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SSH

Secure Shell (SSH) is a network security protocol that uses encryption and authentication mechanisms to implement services such as secure access and file transfer. Traditional remote login and file transfer methods, such as Telnet and FTP, transmit data in cleartext, which is insecure. With the growing importance of cyber security, these methods are gradually becoming less accepted. SSH provides secure network services in an insecure network environment by encrypting and authenticating network data. As a secure alternative solution to Telnet and other insecure remote shell protocols, the SSH protocol has been widely used around the world, with most devices today supporting SSH.

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QinQ

802.1Q-in-802.1Q (QinQ), defined by IEEE 802.1ad, expands VLAN space by adding an additional 802.1Q tag to 802.1Q-tagged packets. It is also called VLAN stacking or double VLAN. QinQ is widely used on carriers' backbone networks. By encapsulating the VLAN tag of a private network in the VLAN tag of a public network, QinQ enables packets with double VLAN tags to traverse the backbone network (public network) of a carrier, so as to expand VLAN space and implement refined user management.

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WiFi 6

Wi-Fi 6, also known as 802.11ax, is the latest Wi-Fi industry standard after Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac). Before the release of Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi standards were identified by versions from 802.11b to 802.11ac. Later, the Wi-Fi Alliance decided to make the Wi-Fi standards easier to understand and remember, and therefore renamed them in a manner similar to the different generations like 3G, 4G, and 5G in mobile communications. Wi-Fi 6 introduces various new technologies, such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), uplink/downlink multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (UL/DL MU-MIMO), BSS coloring, and Target Wake Time, significantly improving performance. In this manner, Wi-Fi 6 supports four times higher bandwidth and concurrency than Wi-Fi 5. Additionally, Wi-Fi 6 provides lower latency and better energy-saving capability than Wi-Fi 5.

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MU-MIMO

Multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) is a multi-user technology that plays an important role in the wireless communications field. This technology allows one AP to communicate with multiple terminals simultaneously, fully utilizing space resources and improving wireless throughput. MU-MIMO is mainly applicable to cellular networks and Wi-Fi (also known as WiFi) networks.

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YANG

YANG is a data modeling language. The YANG model defines a hierarchical data structure, which can be used for operations based on network configuration management protocols (such as NETCONF/RESTCONF). The operations include configuration, status data, remote procedure calls (RPCs), and notifications. Compared with the SNMP model MIB, YANG is more hierarchical, can distinguish between configurations and status, and provides high extensibility.

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EVPN

EVPN is a next-generation full-service bearer VPN solution. It unifies the control planes for various VPN services and uses BGP extensions to transmit Layer 2 or Layer 3 reachability information, separating the forwarding plane from the control plane. Traditional L2VPN lacks load balancing capabilities and consumes many network resources. EVPN overcomes these drawbacks and introduces IP VPN's advantages of traffic balancing and flexible deployment into the Ethernet. EVPN is widely used for interconnecting Layer 2 networks spanning large data centers. Furthermore, it can carry L3VPN services, thereby reducing protocol complexity.

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BFD

Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is a fast fault detection mechanism based on RFC 5880. After a BFD session is established between two systems, BFD packets are periodically sent over the path between the two systems. If one system does not receive BFD packets within a specified period, a fault has occurred on the path. After detecting the link fault through BFD, the upper-layer protocol can take measures to promptly rectify the fault.

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IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), also called IP Next Generation (IPng), is a second-generation standard network layer protocol. The network layer where IPv6 resides provides connectionless data transmission services. IPv6 is designed by the IETF as an upgraded version of IPv4 and addresses many defects in IPv4. The most significant difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that IP addresses are lengthened from 32 bits to 128 bits. IPv6 is more competitive in future markets with its simplified header, sufficient address space, hierarchical address structure, flexible extension header, and enhanced neighbor discovery mechanism.

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Overlay network

Overlay networks are virtual logical networks constructed on an underlay network using network virtualization technologies. Although different overlay networks share devices and lines on an underlay network, services on overlay networks are decoupled from physical networking and interconnection technologies on the underlay network. With the help of the multi-instance technology — core networking technology adopted by SD-WAN and data center solutions, overlay networks can serve not only different services (such as multiple departments) of the same tenant but also different tenants.

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IPoE

IPoE is an access authentication technology that enables a user to access a network after dynamically obtaining an IP address through Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). It provides a flexible and efficient access control mode. User terminals can access the network without needing to install dedicated client software. IPoE is applicable to access of various network devices, such as smartphones, digital TVs, and PSPs. The simple and fast access provided by IPoE reduces the maintenance workload of clients and facilitates the expansion of carrier services on authentication pages, such as advertisement pushes, slogan promotions, and relevant announcements. IPoE access is widely used on networks of chain hotels, campuses, railway stations, and more.

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